Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes（运动员）. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological, and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.
The early years of development are critical years for learning abut oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find a flaw（缺陷）in themselves.
Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today's youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.
16. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is __________________.
A) to make sports less competitive
B) to make sports more challenging
C) to reduce their mental stress
D) to increase their sense of success
17. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that _____________.
A) it can help them learn more about society
B) it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves
C) it enables them to find flaws in themselves
D) it can provide them with valuable experiences
18. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes ________.
A) without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidence
B) in order to make them remember life's lessons
C) believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development
D) so as to put more pressure on them
19. According to the passage parents and coaches should _______________.
A) help children to win every game
B) pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports
C) enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports
D) train children to cope with stress
10. The author's purpose in writing the passage is _________________.
A) to persuade young children not to worry about criticism
B) to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children
C) to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement
D) to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout
Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts（干旱）are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world' population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.
But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world - if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.
Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.
Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example. often the cheapest way to provide irrigation（灌溉）water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions（凹地）and pumping it to nearby cropland.
No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water sue. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.
21. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?
A) The world population is increasing faster and faster.
B) Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.
C) Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.
D) Only half of the world's water can be used.
22. As indicated in the passage, the water problem __________.
A) has been exaggerated by some experts in the field
B) is underestimated by government organizations at different levels
C) poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs
D) is already serious in certain parts of the world
23. According to the author, the water price should ___________.
A) correspond to its real value
B) be reduced to the minimum
C) stimulate domestic demand
D) take into account the occurrences of droughts
24. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to __________.
A) build big lakes to store water
B) construct big pumping stations
C) channel water from nearby rivers to cropland
D) build small and cheap irrigation systems
25. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to _______.
A) centralize the management of water resources
B) increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels
C) guarantee full protection of the environment
D) encourage local and regional control of water resources
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline（衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).
The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?
Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.
Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.
26. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will _________________.
A) decrease gradually
B) remain at the same level
C) become unstable
D) improve enormously
27. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is __________________.
A) not easily accepted by the public
B) often inferior to old ones at first
C) often more expensive than old ones
D) usually introduced to satisfy different tastes
28. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ____________.
A) promote its production
B) work out marketing policies
C) speed up its life cycle
D) increase its popularity
29. The author mentions the example of "backpacks" (Line 4, Para.2) to show the importance of _______________.
A) pleasing the young as well as the old
B) increasing usage among students
C) exploring new market sections
D) serving both military and civil needs
30. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ____________.
A) improving product quality
B) increasing product features
C) modernizing product style
D) re-positioning their product in the market
Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
31 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we __________ here for tow days.
A) have been staying B) have stayed
C) shall stay D) will have stayed
32 According to the American federal government, residents of Hawaii have the longest life __________: 77.2 years.
A) scope B) rank
C) span D) scale
33 The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, __________ all practical value by the time they were finished.
A) had lost B) would lose
C) would have lost D) should have lost
34 As a public relations officer, he is said __________ some very influential people.
A) to have been knowing B) to be knowing
C) to have known D) to know
35 Our hopes __________ and fell in the same instant.
A) aroused B) arose
C) raised D) rose
36 With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers __________ before their time.
A) be bloomed B) blooming
C) bloom D) bloomed
37 A season ticket __________ the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the stated period of time.
A) grants B) promises
C) entitles D) presents
38 __________ in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.
A) Some B) Anyone
C) One D) Someone
39 In recent years much more emphasis has been put __________ developing the sutdents' productive skills.
A) over B) onto
C) in D) on
40 Only a selected number of landladies in the neighbourhood have been allowed by the university to take in __________.
A) residents B) inhabitants
C) lodgers D) settlers
41 The fire was finally brought under control, but not __________ extensive damage had been caused.
A) after B) before
C) since D) as
42 Purchasing the new production line will be a __________ deal for the company.
A) profitable B) tremendous
C) forceful D) favorite
43 Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert __________ it means standing in a queue all night.
A) provided B) whatever
C) even if D) as if
44 We hadn't met for 20 years, but I recognized her __________ I saw her.
A) for the moment B) the moment when
C) at the moment when D) the moment
45 Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak __________ Chinese.
A) smooth B) fluent
C) fluid D) flowing
46 Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main situations __________ formal language is used.
A) in which B) on which
C) in that D) at what
47 Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun ________ sightseeing.
A) than to go B) rather than to go
C) more than going D) other than going
48 If the building project __________ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A) to be completed B) is completed
C) being completed D) completed
49 He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won __________ and a scholarship.
A) status B) fame
C) faith D) courage
50 Jack wishes that he __________ business instead of history when he was in university.
A) had studied B) study
C) studied D) had been studying